Гло́кая ку́здра ште́ко будлану́ла бо́кра и курдя́чит бокрёнка The iggle squiggs trazed wombly in the harlish hoop fox, foxes, fox’s, foxes’ I have translated the text
флективные - словоизменение при помощи флексий – формантов (сочетающих несколько значений (немецкий, русский, латынь) агглютинативные – словоизменение при помощи агглюцинации, где каждый формант имеет одно значение (тюркские, эсперанто) изолирующие – языки, где в слове мало морфем, а часто – одна (английский) синтетические – грамматическое значение передается формой слова/словоизменением (порядок слов может быть свободным) (русский, древнеанглийский) аналитические – грамматическое значение передается служебными/ грамматикализованными словами и порядком слов (в основном) (английский, французский, африкаанс)
The hunter killed the bear The bear killed the hunter The bear was killed by the hunter The bear killed by the hunter was dead
What is most popular in English? Word Order Auxiliary words Flection (endings etc.) What is most popular in Russian?
Всякая грамматическая форма входит в ту или иную грамматическую категорию Всякая категория представлена минимум двумя категориальными формами (принцип оппозиций) Именные категории (падеж, род/ согласовательный класс, определенность, одушевленность) Глагольные (вид, лицо, наклонение, залог, время, аспект)
«Парадигма – вместо» (стол, столу, столу, столом, столе, столы…) «Синтагма – вместе» (большой стол, накрытый стол)
Синтетический – образование форм слова посредством его изменения с сохранением корня (I go, he goes) или супплетивно ( I go, I went). Изменение при помощи аффиксации ( I work I worked) или при помощи изменения корневого гласного и аффиксации (child-children) Аналитический – образование форм слова посредством использование служебных (грамматикализованных) слов
Noun (n) (inflection) Verb (v) (conjugation) Adjective (adj) (attached to noun) Adverb (adv) (adheres to verb) Pronoun (pron) Numeral (num) Preposition (prep) Conjunction (cj)
Interjection (int) Category of state (afloat, apart, alike) Modal words (sentence adverbs) Particles (just, only) Article (a/an, the)
По смыслу (абстрактное, самое общее значение всего класса) По форме (способность к изменению по лицу и числу, времени, наклонению… или неизменяемость) По функции (способ связи с другими словами, функция в предложении)
Лексико-грамматический класс слов, характеризуемый общим абстрактным грамматическим значением, выражаемым определенными маркерами
A. Determiners (position of the definite article – your, both, John’s, four, no, most…) B. Modal, auxiliary verbs (may in “may be good’) D. very in “very good”
Three little words you often see, Are articles — a, an, and the. A Noun’s the name of any thing, As school, or garden, hoop, or swing, Adjectives tell the kind of Noun, As great, small, pretty, white, or brown. Instead of Nouns the Pronouns stand – Her head, his face, your arm, my hand. Verbs tell of something to be done – To read, count, sing, laugh, jump, or run. How things are done, the adverbs tell, As slowly, quickly, ill, or well. Conjunctions join the words together – As men and women, wind or weather. The Preposition stands before A Noun, as in, or through a door. The Interjection shows surprise, As oh ! how pretty – ah ! how wise. The whole are called Nine Parts of Speech, Which reading, writing, speaking, teach. Source : Dr. Chase’s Recipes, 1863
Noun / substantive
thingness. Thus, nouns include not only chair and iron, etc., but also beauty, peace, necessity, journey, and everything else presented as a thing, or object.
Nouns have the categor ies 1) of number (singular and plural). 2) case (common and genitive / possessive );
A noun combines with 1) a preceding adjective (large room), 2) occasionally with a following adjective (times immemorial), 3) a preceding noun in either the common case (iron bar) or the genitive case (father's room), 4) a verb following it (children play) or preceding it (play games). 5) Occasionally with a following or a preceding adverb (the man there; the then president). 6) with prepositions (in a house; house of rest). 7) It is typical of a noun to be preceded by the definite or indefinite article (the room, a room). (b) Function in the sentence. 1) subject 2) predicative 3) object, 4) attribute, 5) adverbial modifier. 6) part of each of these when preceded by a preposition.
Путем прибавления окончания: -(e)s Путем изменения корневой гласной и прибавления окончания (исконные слова) Man-men, woman-women ; Child-children, ox-oxen ; Goose-goose, tooth-teeth ; Mouse-mice Прибавлением тех же окончаний, что в языке-источнике (заимствования из греч. и латыни) phenomenon-phenomena, datum-data … Без изменений ( a sheep-many sheep, deer)
Согласующиеся с формой глагола множественного числа Police, staff, stairs, scissors, wages, … Согласующиеся с формой глагола единственного числа News, money, means, …
General/ Common case(-) - possessive case (‘s/’)
Today’s newspaper Earth’s satellite Have you been to the doctor’s? my father's room, my father's arrival, my father's willingness, the young man's friends, nothing could console Mrs Birch for her daughter's loss, Smith and Brown's office, Oxford professor of poetry's lecture, the Duke of Edinburgh's speech, the King of England's residence, somebody else's child, nobody else's business, This girl in my class's mother took us, The blonde I had been dancing with's name was Bernice. My father was a happy man and My father's was a happy life
A friend of mine, a book of my father, a leg of the table; Jane ’s letter I see the sailor I write a letter to my friend, I give a book to him I write with a pen, the house is built by the company A speak about my friends
Есть ли у английского существительного категория рода? А у русского? Есть ли категория рода у русского/ английского прилагательного? For this topic read the file about gender-benders
Chairman – chairperson-chair Saleswoman – salesman – salesassistant
Article
Определенный Definite (the [ðǝ]/ [ði:])-denotes individual object (from the word that/this ) Неопределенный Indefinite (a [æ]/ [ǝ]/ [ei], an [æn]/ [ǝn]) – Classifying, denotes any object of a class (from the word one ) Нулевой Zero article/ Omission of the article(-)
There is… fly in my lemonade I want to buy … smartphone Close… door, please! Show me… way to … station He is fond of lying in … sun …Moon orbits round… Earth
Before: …same, …next, …previous, …last, …very, …only, …following 1) We’ll take …next bus. That was… last! … next will be tomorrow morning. 2) speaking about time: …last week, …next day, …next year. Will you come…next week?
Seas, oceans, rivers: …Black Sea, …Atlantic Ocean, …Thames Mountain Chains:…Alps, …Caucasus Mountain peaks: …Ben Nevis Cardinal points: …east, …west, …south, …north Deserts, Channels and Canals: …Sahara, …English Channel, …Suez Canal
Ships, whole families: …Queen Mary, …Browns Abbreviated names of countries: …USA, …United Kingdom.
Be in … hurry Be at…loss Have.. headache In… low voice Tell… truth On…one hand, on …other hand Play…piano Read in …original At…home At…work
Adjective
The adjective expresses propert y Green, grey, blue, greenish, nice, fine, awful, Chinese, French, dangerous, careless, loud, clean, empty The property may be either permanent or temporary; cf. a red tie and a face red with excitement
invariable. Some adjectives form degrees of comparison (long, longer, longest).
combine with 1) nouns both preceding ( large room), and (occasionally) following them (times immemorial). 2) They also combine with a preceding adverb (very large). 3) can be followed by the phrase "preposition + noun" (free from danger). 4) Occasionally with a preceding verb (married young). (b) In the sentence, an adjective can be an attribute (large room) or a predicative (is large). objective predicative (painted the door green).
Loud, fat, pale, big, foggy, clever Convenient, interesting Good, bad, little, many/ much, far,
A valuable large old oval brown Victorian handmade table
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